Expectation in Melody: The Influence of Context and Learning

Wiggins, Geraint A. and Pearce, Marcus T.. 2006. Expectation in Melody: The Influence of Context and Learning. Music Perception, 23(5), pp. 377-405. ISSN 0730-7829 [Article]

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Abstract or Description

The Implication-Realization (IR) theory (Narmour, 1990) posits two cognitive systems involved in the generation of melodic expectations: The first consists of a limited number of symbolic rules that are held to be innate and universal; the second reflects the top-down influences of acquired stylistic knowledge. Aspects of both systems have been implemented as quantitative models in research which has yielded empirical support for both components of the theory (Cuddy & Lunny, 1995; Krumhansl, 1995a, 1995b; Schellenberg, 1996, 1997). However, there is also evidence that the implemented bottom-up rules constitute too inflexible a model to account for the influence of the musical experience of the listener and the melodic context in which expectations are elicited. A theory is presented, according to which both bottom-up and top-down descriptions of observed patterns of melodic expectation may be accounted for in terms of the induction of statistical regularities in existing musical repertoires. A computational model that embodies this theory is developed and used to reanalyze existing experimental data on melodic expectancy. The results of three experiments with increasingly complex melodic stimuli demonstrate that this model is capable of accounting for listeners’ expectations as well as or better than the two-factor model of Schellenberg (1997).

Item Type:

Article

Identification Number (DOI):

https://doi.org/10.1525/mp.2006.23.5.377

Departments, Centres and Research Units:

Computing

Dates:

DateEvent
June 2006Published

Item ID:

1001

Date Deposited:

12 Mar 2009 15:41

Last Modified:

29 Apr 2020 15:59

Peer Reviewed:

Yes, this version has been peer-reviewed.

URI:

https://research.gold.ac.uk/id/eprint/1001

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