Lee, Jenna; Mayall, Leighanne A.; Bates, Kathryn E.; Hill, Elisabeth L.; Leonard, Hayley C. and Farran, Emily K.. 2021. The relationship between motor milestone achievement and childhood motor deficits in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and children with Developmental Coordination Disorder. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 113, 103920. ISSN 0891-4222 [Article]

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Abstract or Description

Background
The prevalence of motor impairment is high in ADHD, but we do not know if this stems from infancy.

Aims
1) to compare the acquisition of motor milestones across three groups: Typically Developing (TD), Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD); 2) to determine the relationship between current motor ability and ADHD characteristics in children with ADHD.

Methods and procedures
The parents of children aged 8–16 years (ADHD, N = 100; DCD, N = 66; TD, N = 40) completed three online questionnaires: Motor milestone questionnaire; Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (DCDQ’07) (concurrent motor ability); Conners 3 Parent Rating Scale Long Form (ADHD characteristics).

Outcome and results
When considered as a group, the ADHD group achieved motor milestones within a typical timeframe, despite concurrent motor impairments. Motor ability was not associated with ADHD characteristics. Latent Profile Analysis demonstrated that 56 % of the ADHD group and 48 % of the DCD group shared the same profile of motor milestone achievement, concurrent motor ability and ADHD characteristics.

Outcomes and conclusions
Unlike children with DCD, the motor impairment often observed in ADHD is not evident from infancy. It is also not part of the ADHD phenotype. Individual differences analysis demonstrated the broad heterogeneity of the ADHD phenotype.

Item Type:	Article
Identification Number (DOI):	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2021.103920
Additional Information:	This research was supported by The Waterloo Foundation (Grant number: 404-3611), University of Surrey Faculty Research Support Fund (Gran number: AC0607) and University of Surrey summer internship scheme.
Keywords:	Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Developmental Coordination Disorder, Attention, Motor
Departments, Centres and Research Units:	Psychology
Dates:	Date Event 23 February 2021 Accepted 10 April 2021 Published Online June 2021 Published
Item ID:	30286
Date Deposited:	07 Jul 2021 15:45
Last Modified:	03 Aug 2021 15:05
Peer Reviewed:	Yes, this version has been peer-reviewed.
URI:	https://research.gold.ac.uk/id/eprint/30286

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