Weigl, David M.; Goebl, Werner; Baker, David J.; Crawford, Tim; Zubani, Federico; Gkiokas, Aggelos; Gutierrez, Nicolas F.; Porter, Alastair and Santos, Patricia. 2021. 'Notes on the Music: A social data infrastructure for music annotation'. In: 8th International Conference on Digital Libraries for Musicology (DLfM2021). Virtual Conference, GA, United States 28-30 July 2021. [Conference or Workshop Item]

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Abstract or Description

Beside transmitting musical meaning from composer to reader, symbolic music notation affords the dynamic addition of layers of information by annotation. This allows music scores to serve as rudimentary communication frameworks. Music encodings bring these affordances into the digital realm; though annotations may be represented as digital pen-strokes upon a score image, they must be captured using machine-interpretable semantics to fully benefit from this transformation. This is challenging, as annota- tors’ requirements are heterogeneous, varying both across different types of user (e.g., musician, scholar) and within these groups, de- pending on the specific use-case. A hypothetical all-encompassing tool catering to every conceivable annotation type, even if it were possible to build, would vastly complicate user interaction. This additional complexity would significantly increase cognitive load and impair usability, particularly in dynamic real-time usage con- texts, e.g., live annotation during music rehearsal or performance. To address this challenge, we present a social data infrastructure that facilitates the creation of use-case specific annotation toolkits. Its components include a selectable-score module that supports customisable click-and-drag selection of score elements (e.g., notes, measures, directives); the Web Annotations data model, extended to support the creation of custom, Web-addressable annotation types supporting the specification and (re-)use of annotation palettes; and the Music Encoding and Linked Data (MELD) Javascript client library, used to build interfaces that map annotation types to render- ing and interaction handlers. We have extended MELD to support the Solid platform for social Linked Data, allowing annotations to be privately stored in user-controlled Personal Online Datastores (Pods), or selectively shared or published. To demonstrate the feasi- bility of our proposed approach, we present annotation interfaces employing the outlined infrastructure in three distinct use-cases: scholarly communication; music rehearsal; and rating during music listening.

Item Type:	Conference or Workshop Item (Paper)
Identification Number (DOI):	https://doi.org/10.1145/3469013.3469017
Additional Information:	© 2021 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s).
Keywords:	Annotation, Music Encoding, Linked Data, Digital Musicology
Departments, Centres and Research Units:	Computing Computing > Intelligent Sound and Music Systems
Dates:	Date Event 28 July 2021 Published Online
Event Location:	Virtual Conference, GA, United States
Date range:	28-30 July 2021
Item ID:	30412
Date Deposited:	10 Aug 2021 10:32
Last Modified:	10 Aug 2021 10:32
URI:	https://research.gold.ac.uk/id/eprint/30412

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