Musgrave, George; Gross, Sally-Anne and Carney, Daniel. 2025. Determinants of Anxiety, Depression and Subjective Wellbeing among Musicians in Denmark: Findings from the ‘When Music Speaks’ Project. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, ISSN 0036-5564 [Article] (In Press)

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Abstract or Description

Introduction: Some studies have suggested that professional musicians may suffer from elevated levels of mental ill-health compared to both non-professional musicians and the general public. The aim of this study was to explore the levels of anxiety, depression and subjective wellbeing among musicians in a country famed for high levels of wellbeing: Denmark. More specifically, we sought to evaluate the impact of age, gender, income and subjective career status (SCS) – that is, seeing music as one’s main career - on these variables.

Methods: 986 musicians from a range of career stages and genres (both popular – or rhythmic as it is referred to in Denmark – and classical) completed a survey measuring anxiety and depression using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and measuring subjective wellbeing using Cantril’s self-anchoring scale. Multiple regression models were used to explore the relationship between the four independent variables and our three outcome measure scores. Additionally, the sample was split on the basis of their respective significant predictor variables combined in order to observe between-group differences.

Results: Firstly, we found that age, gender and SCS – but not income - significantly predicted anxiety scores. Being younger, being female, and viewing music-making as one’s main career all predicted higher levels of anxiety. Demographic group comparisons confirmed that younger female musicians who viewed music-making as their main career were particularly at-risk in comparison to other groups. Secondly, age (younger) and gender (female) were also predictors of higher depression scores, but SCS status and income category were not. Lastly, age (younger), gender (female) and income (membership of the three lowest income categories) predicted lower scores on the subjective wellbeing measure. The fact that income did not significantly predict anxiety or depression scores suggested that elevated levels of either of these experienced by career-orientated musicians might not relate to income, or at least may not be solely income-related.

Conclusion: Our findings contribute towards literature which seeks to better understand the determinants of elevated levels of mental ill-health among musicians, and towards research into mental health and wellbeing in Demark more generally.

Item Type:	Article
Keywords:	musicians, Denmark, mental health, subjective wellbeing
Departments, Centres and Research Units:	Institute for Cultural and Creative Entrepreneurship (ICCE)
Dates:	Date Event 21 May 2024 Submitted 26 January 2025 Accepted
Item ID:	38212
Date Deposited:	27 Jan 2025 09:53
Last Modified:	27 Jan 2025 09:53
Peer Reviewed:	Yes, this version has been peer-reviewed.
URI:	https://research.gold.ac.uk/id/eprint/38212

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